Softskills Bahasa Inggris 2 - Penjelasan Tenses

Four Kind of Tenses

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

is one of the verb forms associated with the present tense in modern English. It is commonly referred to as a tense, although it also encodes certain information about aspect in addition to present time.

It is called "simple" because its basic form consists of a single word (like write or writes), in contrast with other present tense forms such as thepresent progressive (is writing) and present perfect (has written). For nearly all English verbs the simple present is identical to the base form (dictionary form) of the verb, except when the subject is third-person singular, in which case the ending -(e)s is added. There are a few verbs with irregular forms, the most notable being the copula be, which has the simple present forms am, is and are.

The principal use of the simple present is to refer to an action or event that takes place habitually, as in He writes for a living (in contrast to the present continuous, which refers to something taking place at the present moment: He is writing a letter now). However certain verbs expressing astate, such as be and know, are used in the simple present even when referring to a temporary present state. There are also certain other uses (including those mentioned in the following paragraph) in which the simple present does not reflect a habitual aspect.

Ø  Verbal

 (+) S + V1 s/es + O

(-) S + do/does not + V1 + O…

(?) Do/Does + S + V…?

Ø  Nominal

(+) S + be(am, is, are) + Adj / Noun / Adverb (disingkat ANA)

(-) S + be + not + ANA

(?) Be + S + ANA ?

- Usualy use daily activity : Always, usually, often, seldom.

Example of Verbal Simple Present Tense:

(+) My father goes to post office.

(-) My father does not go to post office.

(?) Does your father go to post office?

Example Nominal Simple Present Tense.

(+) Marcella is a stronger woman.

(-) Marcella is not a stronger woman.

(?) Is she a stronger woman?

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

It is used principally to describe events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with different forms.

The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as the past perfect and past progressive.

Ø  Verbal:

(+) S + V2 + O + Adj / Noun / Adverb (ANA)

(-) S + did + not + V1 + O + ANA

(?) Did + S + V1 + O + ANA ?

Ø  Nominal:

(+) S + to be 2 (was/were) + ANA

(-) S + to be 2 (was/were) + ANA

(?) to be 2 + S + ANA ?

Example of  Verbal Simple Past Tense:

(+) The Doctor went to the hospital yesterday.

(-) The Doctor did not go to the hospital yesterday.

(?) Did the Doctor go to the hospital yesterday?

Example of Nominal Simple Past Tense:

(+) He was a teacher.

(-) He was not a teacher.

(?) Was he a teacher?

Note:

Was: I, He, She, dan It.

Were: You, We, They.

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

In grammar, a future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future. An example of a future tense form is the French aimera, meaning "will love", derived from the verbaimer ("love"). English does not have a future tense formed by verb inflection in this way, although it has a number of ways of expressing futurity, particularly the construction with the auxiliary verb will or shall, and grammarians differ in whether they describe such constructions as representing a future tense in English, one and all.

The "future" expressed by the future tense usually means the future relative to the moment of speaking, although in contexts whererelative tense is used it may mean the future relative to some other point in time under consideration.

Ø  Verbal :

(+) S + Will/Shall + V1 + O + ANA

(-) S + Will/Shall + not + V1 + O + ANA

(?) Will/Shall + S + V1 + O + ANA

Ø  Nominal :

(+) S + Will/Shall + Be + O + ANA

(-) S + Will/Shall + not + be + O + ANA

(?) Will/Shall + S + be + O + ANA

Example of  Verbal Simple Future Tense:

(+) I will make a cake tomorrow.

(-) I will not make a cake tomorrow.

(?) Will you make a cake tomorrow?

Example of Nominal Simple Future Tense:

(+) Belinda will be a singer in my birthday party tomorrow.

(-) Belinda will not be a singer in my birthday party tomorrow.

(?) Will she be a singer in my birthday party tomorrow?

SIMPLE PERFECT TENSE

The perfect is a verb form found in certain languages. The exact meaning of the term differs depending on which language is being described, but in principle the perfect is used to indicate that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the present time (or other time under consideration), often focusing attention on the resulting state rather than on the occurrence itself. An example of a perfect construction is given by the English sentence I have made dinner: although this gives information about a prior action (my making the dinner), the focus is likely to be on the present consequences of that action (the fact that the dinner is now ready). The word perfect in this sense means "completed" (from Latinperfectus, which is the perfect passive participle of the verb perficere "to finish").

Ø  Verbal:

(+) S + Have/Has + V3 + O

(-) S + Have/Has + not + V3 + O

(?) have/has + S + V3 + O

Ø  Nominal:

(+) S + have/has + to be 3 (been) + non verb + O

(-) S + have/has + not + to be 3 + non verb + O

(?) have/has + S + to be 3 + non verb + O?

Example of  Verbal Present Perfect Tense:

(+) I have finished my work.

(-) I have not finished my homework.

(?) Have I finished my homework?

Example of  Nominal Present Perfect Tense:

(+) She has been here for 20 minutes.

(-) She has not been here for 20 minutes.

(?) Has she been here for 20 minutes?